Basic information
| Title journal: | Vestnik 1 (45) 2026 |
|---|---|
| Number: | 1 |
| Year: | 2026 |
| Date of publication on the website: | 16.05.2026 |
| Full journal in PDF: | Download |
Content
The Source Base and Historiography of the Formation of the Legal Education System in the Chuvash Republic (1991–2022)
UDC: 378.4(470.344)”1991-Section: HISTORY
Authors: Nikita I. Danilov
Annotation: Introduction. The formation of the legal education system in the Chuvash Republic in the post-Soviet period is an important component of the history of the formation of Russian statehood and regional educational systems. Despite the presence of a significant array of publications on this topic, a comprehensive source and historiographical analysis necessary for further scientific research has not yet been conducted.The purpose of the study is to carry out a systematic analysis and classification of a set of sources, as well as historiographical works devoted to the process of formation and development of the legal training system in the Chuvash Republic in the post–Soviet period. Materials and methods. The work is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, systematization) and special historical (historical-genetic, comparative-historical, historical-typological) methods, as well as methods of source and historiographical analysis are applied. Results. For the first time, an extensive array of diverse sources on the topic (regulations, conference materials, periodicals, sources of personal origin) was introduced into scientific circulation and critically comprehended. The periodization of historiography was carried out, the key stages and vectors of research were identified. Discussion. For the first time, the classification and critical evaluation of the entire set of sources on the topic, including regulations, conference materials, periodicals and sources of personal origin, has been carried out. The periodization of historiography has been carried out, the stages of its development from description to analysis have been identified, and the circle of key authors and research centers has been identified. Both achievements of regional science and significant gaps have been identified, in particular, insufficient knowledge of the social history of education, career trajectories of graduates, as well as the lack of comparative studies with the experience of neighboring regions of the Volga region. Conclusion. The scientific novelty of the work is to create a holistic picture of the source and historiographical base of the topic, which forms the methodological foundation for subsequent research in the field of educational history, regional history and the history of law.The transformation of the Ku Klux Klan as an organizational formalization of resistance to the policy of Reconstruction
UDC: 94(73)"1865/1870"Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alexey V. Kalashnikov
Annotation: This article examines the ideological features and main activities of the First Ku Klux Klan in 1865‒1867. Having emerged as a reaction to the ongoing policy of the North, the Clan has shown numerical growth and an increase in the ranks of its supporters since its foundation. This was mainly due to the policy of radical Republicans in the South, which limited the rights of supporters of the former Confederacy. The study is based on the use of a variety of sources, including biographies of Clan leaders. The organization, which has rapidly increased in size and geography, has transformed from a political club with secret signs and symbols into a serious threat to the stability and well-being of its political opponents. The period under review is characterized by the transformation of the Clan and the associated clan movement into a militarized secret terrorist organization that supported conservative southern politicians and became the mainstay of local racists.To the question of economic situation of the state-owned Artinsky iron-making plant in the Zlatoust mining district at the beginning of the 20th centur
UDC: 94 (470.5)Section: HISTORY
Authors: Latypov Bulat N.
Annotation: This article is analyzes the main patterns and features of formation, development and functioning Artinsky iron-making plant in the Zlatoust mining district at the beginning of the 20th century; statistical data that have not been previously unpublished introduced into scientific circulation. The problem of profitability of a state-owned mining plant in the early of the 20th century and some aspects of this topic partially studied in Russian historiography. As the main sources it was used statistical data of the mining industry in Russia for 1900–1910. The methodological basis of the work is the theory of modernization, the universal principles of scientific knowledge, historicism and a systematic approach, which ensured the reliability of the research. In the course of research the considered general information about the factory plant, blacksmithing, technical equipment and auxiliary facilities. This article focuses on analyzing efficiency by manufacturing iron, cast metal (steel and iron) and metal products in the Artinsky iron-making plant in 1900–1910. As it is known the maritime department was interested in buying iron for making anchors. Besides at the beginning of the 20th century Artinsky iron-making plant produced about 120–150 thousand pieces of scythes per year, however due to its high cost sales of scythes were limited. It has information about profitability Artinsky iron-making plant in 1900–1904 and in 1909–1911. Artinsky iron-making plant functioned owing to forest resources and the power of water, cheap labor. Demand reduction for iron and lack of orders forced the plant work exclusively for the private market. The research reveals that from 1901 in Artinsky plant fixed annual reduction productions for iron and from 1905 cast metal. By this time, plant it has not been solved the issue of the transfer plant into private hands and subsequent sale of products on the market. By the beginning of the 20th century technical equipment of the plant turned out of date. As a result of the research it is identified the main reasons for the plant’s unprofitability, disclosed the production volumes, outlined necessary measures to overcome the crisis and the future fate of the plant.Cold War ideological knowledge producers: comparative analysis of the USSR and the USA
UDC: 94Section: HISTORY
Authors: Marta I. Lesiuk-Prokopishina
Annotation: Introduction. The global geopolitical confrontation of the Cold War (mid-1940s – late 1980s) unfolded primarily as a war of ideologies. Academic institutes and think tanks played a key role in the production of scientifically grounded ideological knowledge during this historical period. The USSR and the USA, as the two poles of confrontation, employed different institutional mechanisms for organizing humanities research. This study examines the role of Soviet and American “thought factories”. The relevance of the article stems from its analysis of the global confrontation model, in which meanings and narratives have become a key element of ideological struggle, and the expert-analytical community ‒ its key actor. Purpose ‒ to conduct a comparative analysis of the institutional models for the production of ideological knowledge in the humanities during the Cold War, using the USSR and the USA as case studies. Materials and methods. The article is based on the comparative historical method, employing tools of institutional and discourse analysis. The source base comprises published documents from the collections of Russian state archive of socio-political history, Russian state archive of contemporary history, Russian state archive of literature and art. Memoirs of key participants (G. Arbatov, R. Pipes, M. Olbrait, P. Nitze), as well as official publications of U.S. foreign policy agencies, were also utilized. The historiographic review draws on the works of Russian and international scholars (A. Fateev, R. Magnusdottir, F. Saunders, D. Engerman, E. Berman, and others). Results and discussion. The study reveals fundamental differences in the institutional organization of ideological knowledge production in the USSR and the USA. The Soviet model was a centralized “ideological concern” headed by the Academy of Sciences. The American model, by contrast, was based on a decentralized, competitive network of formally independent actors ‒ think tanks, private foundations, university research centers, and cultural organizations‒operating according to the laws of the “marketplace of ideas”. However, despite differences in organizational design, both systems demonstrate functional similarities.Conclusion. The comparative analysis demonstrates that during the Cold War, both the USSR and the USA developed highly effective institutional ecosystems for the production of ideological knowledge. Understanding these historical mechanisms allows us to identify the continuity of strategies and tools in contemporary “war of meanings”.Historiographical analysis of the development of public education in Chu-vashia in the 1970s and 1980s.
UDC: 37(093)(470344) ”197Section: HISTORY
Authors: Natalia S. Matveeva
Annotation: The article presents a systematic historiographical review of research on the development of the public education system in the Chuvash ASSR in the 1970s and 1980s. Introduction. The period of the 1970s and 1980s in the history of public education in the Chuvash ASSR is characterized by the completion of the transition to universal secondary education against the background of the growing systemic contradictions of the late Soviet era. The historiographical analysis of research on this topic is relevant for systematization of accumulated knowledge, assessment of the evolution of scientific approaches and identification of gaps.
The purpose of the work is to periodize, thematically structure and critically evaluate the historiography devoted to the development of public education in Chuvashia in the 1970s and 1980s, with an emphasis on identifying the evolution of scientific approaches to this chronological period as an object of research. Materials and methods. The work is based on a comprehensive historiographical analysis. The corpus of historiographical sources consists of scientific monographs, dissertation studies and articles directly devoted to the development of public education in Chuvashia during the period under study. The source base of the historiographical research itself, which made it possible to verify the conclusions of its predecessors and assess the completeness of the picture, is formed by published and unpublished documents: legislative and regulatory acts of the USSR and the Chuvash ASSR, office records and statistical materials identified in the funds and archives of the Chuvash Republic, as well as periodical press data. Research results, discussion. As a result of the research, three stages of historiography are identified: Soviet (apologetic-descriptive), post-Soviet (critical-rethinking) and modern (complex-analytical). The key thematic areas are systematized: the implementation of Union-wide reforms in the region, language policy, the development of rural schools and the system of vocational education. The evolution of methodological approaches and assessments is shown ‒ from an ideologized statement of success to a critical analysis and, finally, to a balanced multifactorial study. The discussion made it possible to identify the main controversial issues, primarily around the consequences of national language policy. Conclusion. The conclusion is made about the progressive evolution of historiography from apologetics through critical deconstruction to modern complex analysis. The lacunae requiring further study are identified: the history of the school's daily routine, comparative interregional studies, the visual and material history of education, and the long-term consequences of educational policy in the 1970s and 1980s for Chuvashia.The System of Diocesan Administration of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1988–2008 (based on materials from the dioceses of European Russia)
UDC: 94(47)Section: HISTORY
Authors: Grigorii N. Mikheev
Annotation: Introduction. The article analyzes the transformation of the diocesan administration system of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) in one of the key periods of its recent history – from 1988 to 2008. The study focuses on the dioceses in the European part of Russia, which allows identifying regional specifics and general trends in the administrative-territorial reform of the church body after gaining religious freedom. The aim of the study is to analyze the prerequisites, content, and results of the development of the ROC diocesan administration system during the specified chronological period within the given region. Materials and methods. The work is based on the analysis of the texts of the ROC Statutes of 1988 and 2000, statistical data, materials of Local and Bishops' Councils, as well as scientific research on church history. The methodological basis consists of historical-systemic, comparative-historical, and diachronic methods, allowing to consider the transformation process in dynamics and in relation to the socio-political context of the era. Results and discussion. The study showed that the development of the diocesan network was determined by a complex of interrelated factors. The key ones were: the canonical principle of correspondence between church and civil administrative boundaries; the need for effective management in the conditions of the "church renaissance" and the rapid growth in the number of parishes and believers; the policy of regional authorities who saw the creation of a diocese as an element of prestige and sovereignty; the missionary task of countering the proselytism of other confessions. The work traces the gradual evolution from the initial enlarged division (1988) to active fragmentation in the 1990s and subsequent stabilization and unification of boundaries in the 2000s. Special attention is paid to the reform in national republics and large metropolitanates (using Moscow as an example). Conclusion. It is concluded that by 2008, a stable and optimized diocesan structure corresponding to the constituent entities of the Federation had been basically formed in the European part of Russia. The process of 1988–2008 laid the foundation for the modern administrative structure of the ROC, defining its basic principles: conciliarity in management, canonical correspondence to state borders, and adaptation to new social realities while preserving traditional church identity.To the origins of modern pan-turkism and pan-islamism
UDC: 93/94Section: HISTORY
Authors: Stanislav O. Remizov; Alim M. Abidulin
Annotation: The article examines the evolution of Pan-Turkism and Pan-Islamism from intellectual concepts of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to their contemporary political and institutional manifestations. The theoretical novelty of the research consists in developing a historical and structural concept of the origins of modern pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism based on a systematic analysis of sources. The methodological basis of the research is the civilizational approach, which assumes the perception of global space as a set of separate autonomous civilizational systems with unique features and characteristics that influence the interaction of civilizations with each other. The research's source base consists of a wide and diverse range of materials in Russian, Turkish, and English. The works of the founders of the ideology of pan-Turkism were studied and analyzed: Y. Akchura, Z. Gekalpa, whose works were published in the period from 1900 to the 1930s, when the ideological basis of pan-Turkism reached its peak, the work of S. A. Zenkovsky "Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia", which characterized the political movement of Muslims in Russia since the time of Gasprinsky, The work of R. I. Guzaerov "socio-cultural interaction of the member countries of the OTG", which described the forms, mechanisms and results of cooperation between the member states of the OTG. Article by Sbitneva A. I. "Turkey in Central Asia: regional trends" allowed us to consider the key areas of Turkish policy in the region – economic cooperation, political interaction, cultural and educational ties and religious and social elements, and N.V. Ibadov in his article "Implementation of the concept of "soft power" of Turkey in the Turkic region" analyzed in detail the tools and mechanisms Turkey's "soft power" in the Turkic states, having reviewed the activities of non-governmental organizations and religious institutions, cultural initiatives, and economic and infrastructural projects. The study focuses on the transformation of these ideologies in the context of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the formation of the Turkish Republic, and subsequent changes in the international system, particularly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It is shown that in the twenty-first century Pan-Turkism and Pan-Islamism have lost their rigid doctrinal character and now function primarily as elements of soft power integrated into Turkey’s humanitarian, cultural, and foreign policy practices. Special attention is given to Central Asia as a key arena for the implementation of these approaches, and continuity between early ideological frameworks and modern political practices is identified. The article concludes by highlighting the significance of these processes for the post-Soviet space and Russia’s strategic interests.Russian Mediation in the Anglo-American War of 1812–1815 as Reflected in the American Press
UDC: 94(73).052Section: HISTORY
Authors: Maria A. Filimonova; Tatiana V. Alentieva
Annotation: This article explores a largely understudied dimension of early Russian-American relations: how the American press of the era perceived and interpreted Alexander I’s offer to mediate in the Anglo-American War of 1812–1815. The study draws on a wide range of sources, including American newspaper publications from 1813 to 1815, documents from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and records from both the Madison administration and the U.S. Congress. Its methodological approach combines traditional historical methods-such as historical-genetic and historical-comparative analysis–with elements of discourse and content analysis.
The primary aim of the research is to identify the distinctive features characterizing the representation of Russia’s mediation initiative in the American print media of the period. The authors demonstrate that press coverage of the Russian offer was shaped by a complex interplay of factors, including the partisan loyalties of individual newspapers, their regional affiliations, the fluctuating course of military events, and the shifting international context. While pro-administration outlets sought to present the tsar’s proposal as a diplomatic victory for the Madison government and a sign of the republic’s growing recognition abroad, Federalist publications turned the issue into a vehicle for attacking the administration’s foreign policy. The article also traces the evolving image of Russia within American public discourse. During this period, that image took on a distinctly ambivalent quality: traditional Russophobic sentiments, particularly entrenched among Republicans, were tempered by the conciliatory gesture of the Russian emperor. Although the proposed mediation never came to fruition, the authors argue that it nonetheless fulfilled an important symbolic function. It contributed to the international legitimization of the United States as a sovereign actor, bolstered the domestic standing of the Madison administration, and left a lasting imprint on the way Russia was perceived in American public consciousness.Copyright and other related rights to “digital twins” of production facil-ities: problems of legal regulation and development prospects in the Russian Federation
UDC: 34Section: LAW
Authors: Vitaly V. Goncharov; Sergey V. Bezuglov; Oleg N. Malinovsky; Lyudmila A. Spector; Olga V. Grishchenko
Annotation: The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the problems of legal regulation of copyright and related rights in relation to “digital twins” of production facilities in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to identify the legal nature of the digital twin as an object of intellectual property rights, identify potential copyright holders, and analyze gaps and conflicts in current legislation. The work uses a number of scientific research methods, in particular: formal-logical; comparative-legal; historical-legal; method of analysis of specific legal situations; statistical; sociological. The author comes to the conclusion that the digital twin is a complex composite object, including elements protected by copyright (software code, 3D models, interfaces), related rights (databases) and know-how. It is noted that the key problems are related to the differentiation of rights to source data and a derivative digital product, to the definition of the regime of rights to a digital twin created as part of the execution of a work contract or under a government contract, as well as to the protection of algorithms and processes (know-how) that are inexpressible in an objective form. In the future, in order to stimulate the development of Industry 4.0 technologies, it is necessary to adapt the existing norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation through clarifications from the higher courts and the development of standard contractual models that take into account the life cycle of a digital twin and the interests of all participants in its creation and operation.Issues of improving legislation on environmental crimes
UDC: 343Section: LAW
Authors: Karina E. Koroleva
Annotation: Introduction. The article discusses the current problems of improving the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of combating environmental crimes. The article analyzes the specifics of the legal regulation of responsibility for environmental crimes, as stipulated in Chapter 26 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems of legal regulation and law enforcement practice in the field of environmental crimes, as well as to develop proposals for improving criminal legislation in this area. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved in the article: analysis of the current criminal legislation of the Russian Federation regulating responsibility for environmental crimes; identification of the main problems of law enforcement practice; study of issues of differentiation of criminal and administrative responsibility for environmental offenses; formulation of proposals for improving criminal legislation in this area. Materials and methods. The published practice of the courts of the Russian Federation and the sociological and criminological data contained in the works of scientists working on the problems of environmental crime were used for the analysis. The work was based on a general scientific dialectical approach to the consideration of the object and subject of research using general and special methods of scientific knowledge, such as comparative law, normative, statistical, systematic, formal logic, modeling, expert assessments, sociological, etc. Research results, discussions. The analysis shows that despite the existence of a significant number of standards aimed at environmental protection, the effectiveness of their application remains insufficient. The article pays special attention to the difficulties of proving environmental crimes, the blank nature of the relevant criminal law norms, as well as the problem of distinguishing criminal and administrative responsibility for environmental offenses. Some contradictions in the terminology of criminal and sectoral legislation have been identified, making it difficult to qualify environmental crimes. Conclusion. Based on the analysis, proposals have been formulated to improve criminal legislation and improve the effectiveness of legal environmental protection. In order to reduce the negative impact of blank dispositions on the norms providing for liability for environmental crimes, the expediency of introducing a norm into the Special Part of the Criminal Code has been proved, according to which references to laws are allowed in blank dispositions of environmental compositions of the Special part of the Criminal Code.