The article is devoted to the study of modern historiography of Russian captivity during the First World War. The urgency of the problem has increased in connection with the 100th anniversary of this global event and the emergence of new areas of scientific historical research. This problem did not have a comprehensive analysis and objective evaluation in the Soviet historiography, as it was closely linked to the theme of the October Revolution and the Civil War. The purpose of this article is to identify the main trends in modern Russian historiography on the issue of Russian captivity. The sources were the works of Russian historians, published in 2010–2015 in journals of jubilee conferences, as well as in Russian periodicals. Particular attention is paid to the works of I. B. Belova, E. S. Sinyavskaya, E. U. Semenova, O. V. Oleynikov, N. V. Surzhikova, V. V. Korneev, as well as to the editions of materials of jubilee scientific conferences on this issue. The paper identified the most promising methods of research, which used Russian historians: Military anthropology, microhistory, anthropometry. Researchers of Russian captivity discuss about the scale of the phenomenon, but in general they follow previous estimates on the number of prisoners and refugees. For the first time in the national historiography the study discussed in detail the life and conditions of detention in Russian captivity, the attitude towards the prisoners from the local population and the particular situation of the prisoners of Slavic origin, mainly Austro-Hungarian officers and soldiers. The attitude towards captive Slavs from the Russian government and military command are relevant and innovative theme of modern historical science. As a result, it was concluded that the works of local historians of recent years are increasingly interdisciplinary in nature and are characterized by an anthropological approach.